PM&R
Volume 2, Issue 6 , Pages 566-572 , June 2010

Management of Osteoporosis After Spinal Cord Injury: What Can Be Done?

  • William A. Bauman, MD (Guest Discussant)

      Affiliations

    • Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of, Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY‡
    • ,
  • Thomas J. Schnitzer, MD, PhD (Guest Discussant)

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Internal Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL‡
    • ,
  • David Chen, MD (Senior Editor)

      Affiliations

    • Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL‡

References 

    Thomas J. Schnitzer, MD, Responds
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  3. Maimoun L, Couret I, Mariano-Goulart D, et al. Changes in osteoprotegerin/RANKL system, bone mineral density, and bone biochemicals markers in patients with recent spinal cord injury. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005;76:404–411
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  11. Bauman WA, Wecht JM, Kirshblum S, et al. Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42:305–313
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    William A. Bauman, MD, Responds
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  5. Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Schwartz E, Wang J, Pierson RN. Continuous loss of bone in chronic immobilization: a monozygotic twin study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10:123–127
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  7. Minaire P, Edouard C, Arlot M, Meunier PJ. Marrow changes in paraplegic patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 1984;36:338–340
  8. Singh R, Artaz JN, Taylor WE, et al. Testosterone inhibits adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells: nuclear translocation of androgen receptor complex with beta-catenin and T-cell factor 4 may bypass canonical Wnt signaling to down-regulate adipogenic transcription factors. Endocrinology. 2006;147:141–154
  9. Menagh P, Turner R, Jump D, et al. Growth hormone regulates the balance between bone formation and bone marrow adiposity. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:757–768
  10. Schopp LH, Clark M, Mazurek MO, et al. Testosterone levels among men with spinal cord injury admitted to inpatient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;85:678–684
  11. Tsitouras PD, Zhong YG, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. Serum testosterone and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I in adults with spinal cord injury. Horm Metab Res. 1995;27:287–292
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  15. Ishida Y, Heersche JN. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: both in vivo and in vitro concentrations of glucocorticoids higher than physiological levels attenuate osteoblastic differentiation. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13:1822–1826
  16. Zalavras C, Shah S, Birnbaum MJ, Frenkel B. Role of apoptosis in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2003;13:221–235
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  18. Zender Y, Risi S, Dicter M, et al. Prevention of bone loss in paraplegics over 2 years with alendronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1067–1074
  19. Bauman WA, Wecht JM, Kirshblum SC, et al. Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42:305–314
  20. Shapiro J, Smith B, Beck T, et al. Treatment with zoledronate ameliorates negative geometric changes in the proximal femur following acute spinal cord injury. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007;80:316–322
  21. Bryson JE, Gourlay ML. Bisphosphonate use in acute and chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32:215–225
  22. Pierson EG, Nance PW, Leslie WD, Ludwig S. Cyclical etidronate: its effects on bone density in patients with acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:269–272
  23. Ledger GA, Burritt MF, Kao PC, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BI, Khosla S. Role of parathyroid hormone in mediating nocturnal and age-related increases in bone resorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3304–3310
  24. Bauman WA, Zhang RL, Morrison N, et al. Acute suppression of bone turnover with calcium infusion in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32:398–403
  25. Pavalko FM, Norvell SM, Burr DB, Turner CH, Duncan RL, Bidwell JP. A model for mechanotransduction in bone cells: the load-bearing mechanosomes. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:104–112
  26. Han Y, Cowin SC, Schaffler MB, Weinbaum S. Mechanotransduction and strain amplification in osteocyte cell processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:16;689-16,694
  27. Jiang SD, Jiang LS, Dai LY. Mechanisms of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65:555–565
  28. Biering-Sorenson F, Hansen B, Lee BSB. Non-pharmacological treatment and prevention of bone loss after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:508–518
  29. Baldi JC, Jackson RD, Moraille R, Mysiw WJ. Muscle atrophy is prevented in patients with acute spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:463–469
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  31. Kaufman JM, Orwoll E, Goemaere S, et al. Teriparatide effects on vertebral fractures and bone mineral density in men with osteoporosis: treatment and discontinuation of therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:510–516
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    David Chen, MD, Senior Editor, Responds
  1. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance. February 2010;http://www.uab.edu/NSCISCAccessed April 30, 2010
  2. McKinley WO, Jackson AB, Cardenas DD, DeVivo MJ. Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: a regional model systems analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:1402–1410

PII: S1934-1482(10)00383-7

doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.05.003

PM&R
Volume 2, Issue 6 , Pages 566-572 , June 2010

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