PM&R
Volume 1, Issue 9 , Pages 827-833 , September 2009

Spastic Hypertonia and Movement Disorders: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Quantification

  • Geoffrey Sheean, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of California San Diego, 402 Dickinson St, Suite 190, San Diego, CA 92103†
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: G.S.
    • ,
  • John R. McGuire, MD

      Affiliations

    • Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI‡

Received 16 July 2009 ,Accepted 6 August 2009.

References 

  1. Sheean G. The pathophysiology of spasticity. Eur J Neurol. 2002;9(Suppl 1):3–9
  2. Lance JW. 1980 symposium synopsis. In:  Feldman RG,  Young RR,  Koella WP editor. Spasticity: disordered motor control. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1980;p. 485–494
  3. Sheean G. Neurophysiology of spasticity. In:  Barnes MP,  Johnson G editor. Clinical management of spasticity and the upper motor neurone syndrome. 2nd ed.. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008;p. 9–63
  4. van Gijn J. The Babinski sign: The first hundred years. J Neurol. 1996;243:675–683
  5. Denny-Brown D. The cerebral control of movement. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; 1966;
  6. Gracies J. Pathophysiology of spastic paresis (II: Emergence of muscle overactivity). Muscle Nerve. 2005;31:552–571
  7. Mayer NH. Cliniconeurophysiologic concepts of spasticity and motor dysfunction in adults with an upper motor neurone lesion. In:  Mayer NH,  Simpson DM editor. Spasticity: Etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin. WeMove Organization; 2002;p. 1–10
  8. Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner. 1964;192:540–542
  9. Smith MB, Bohannon RW. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67:206–207
  10. Pandyan AD, Johnson GR, Price CI, Curless RH, Barnes MP, Rodgers H. A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13:373–383
  11. Johnson GR, Pandyan AD, Haugh AB. A systematic review of the Tardieu Scale for the measurement of spasticity. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2006;28:899–907
  12. Ho TW, Nwigwe AI, Fowler EG. Sensitivity of the pendulum test for assessing spasticity in persons with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:182–189

 Editor’s note: This Special Section on Spasticity is a series of 5 clinical focused review articles that was developed from the “Advanced Assessment and Management Skills for Spasticity, Dystonia, and Related Motor Disorders” Pre-course at the 2008 AAPM&R Annual Assembly in San Diego, CA. These articles are not an exact representation of that course nor are they designed to represent comprehensive coverage of the field. However, these reviews do provide clinically pertinent and practical information that the clinician will hopefully be able to incorporate into his or her practice. The authors of these articles are expert practitioners who served on the faculty for this course. For further details, the course content can be accessed at http://me.e-aapmr.org/

 Disclosure Key can be found on the Table of Contents and at www.pmrjournal.org

PII: S1934-1482(09)00763-1

doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.08.002

PM&R
Volume 1, Issue 9 , Pages 827-833 , September 2009

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