PM&R
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Pages 76-80 , January 2009

Managing Agitation Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: Behavioral Versus Pharmacologic Interventions?

  • Steven R. Flanagan, MD (Guest Discussant)

      Affiliations

    • Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York, NY 10016⁎
    • ,
  • Elie P. Elovic, MD (Guest Discussant)

      Affiliations

    • Kessler Medical Rehabilitation Research Corp., West Orange, NJ 07052⁎
    • ,
  • M. Elizabeth Sandel, MD (Senior Editor Commentary)

      Affiliations

    • The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Foundation Rehabilitation Center and Hospital⁎

References 

    Steven Flanagan, MD, Responds
  1. Tateno A, Jorge RE, Robinson RG. Clinical correlates of aggressive behavior after traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15:155–160
  2. Gordon WA, Zafonte R, Cicerone K, et al. Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: state of the science. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85:343–382
  3. Karol RL. Principles of behavioral analysis and modification. In:  Zasler ND,  Katz DI,  Zafonte RD editor. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos; 2007;p. 815–833
  4. Mysiw WJ, Bogner JA, Corrigan JD, et al. The impact of acute care medications on rehabilitation outcome after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2006;20:905–911
  5. Goldstein LB. Prescribing of potentially harmful drugs to patients admitted to hospital after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:753–755
  6. Silver JM, Arciniegas DB. Pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric disturbances. In:  Zasler ND,  Katz DI,  Zafonte RD editor. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos; 2007;p. 963–993
  7. McAllister TW. Neuropsychiatric aspects of TBI. In:  Zasler ND,  Katz DI,  Zafonte RD editor. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos; 2007;p. 835–861
  8. Corrigan JD. Development of a scale for assessment of agitation following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1989;11:261–277
  9. In:  Kazdin AE editors. Behavior Modification in Applied Settings. 6th ed.. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning; 2001;
    Elie Elovic, MD, Responds
  1. Ouellet MC, Morin CM. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia associated with traumatic brain injury: a single-case experimental design. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:1581–1592
  2. Flanagan SR, Greenwald B, Wieber S. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia for individuals with brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2007;22:67–70
  3. Silver JM, Arciniegas DB. Pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric disturbances. In:  Zasler ND,  Katz DI,  Zafonte RD editor. Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos; 2007;p. 963–993
  4. Alderson AL, Novack TA. Measuring recovery of orientation during acute rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury: value and expectations of recovery. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2002;17:210–219
  5. Levin HS, O'Donnell VM, Grossman RG. The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury). J Nerv Ment Dis. 1979;167:675–684
  6. Elovic EP, Lansang R, Li Y, Ricker JH. The use of atypical antipsychotics in traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003;18:177–195
  7. Goldstein LB. Prescribing of potentially harmful drugs to patients admitted to hospital after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:753–755
    M. Elizabeth Sandel, MD, Senior Editor, Commentary
  1. Sandel ME, Mysiw WJ. The agitated brain injured patient (Part 1: definitions, differential diagnosis, and assessment). Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:617–623
  2. Sandel ME, Zwil AS, Fugate L. An interdisciplinary perspective on the agitated brain injured patient. Neurorehabilitation. 1995;5:299–308
  3. Mysiw WJ, Sandel ME. The agitated brain injured patient (Part 2: pathophysiology and treatment). Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:213–220

PII: S1934-1482(08)00025-7

doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2008.10.013

PM&R
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Pages 76-80 , January 2009

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